Hardware manufacturing accounts for a large and growing share of computing’s environmental impact. This thrust develops strategies to reduce embodied costs through a “reduce, reuse, recycle” framework. Reduce targets fabrication costs through heterogeneous integration and 3D stacking. Reuse extends hardware lifespans via disaggregated architectures that decouple component upgrade cycles. Recycle enables secondary hardware markets through wear-level tracking that establishes residual value and remaining useful life.